We live on a very beautiful planet – on the Earth. Our planet has very rich resources: the bright blue of the sky, fresh, crystal-clear mountain lake water, the rich green of the mountains slopes, wild flower, picturesque views – all these sceneries of nature fill us with admiration.

That’s why those who live in cities prefer spending their days off and their holidays far from the noise of the city, to be closer to nature. Perhaps they like to breathe fresh air or to swim in clear water because the ecology is not so poor as in the cities.
Ecology is the study of the ways in which organisms (plants and animals) depend upon each other and upon their surroundings. Each organism requires conditions in order to be able to live and breed. These conditions are its environment by changing the ecological conditions.

So, pollution is one of the most burning problems of nowadays. Now millions of chimneys, cars, buses, trucks all over the world exhaust fumes and harmful substances into the atmosphere. These poisoned substances pollute everything: air, land, water, birds and animals people. So, it is usually hard to breathe in the large cities where there are lots plants. Everything there is covered with soot and dirt. All these affect harmfully.

Water pollution is very serious, too. Ugly rivers of dirty water polluted with factory waste, poisoned fish are all-round us. And polluted air and poisoned water lead to the end of the civilization. So, nowadays a lot of dead lands and lifeless areas have appeared. Because our actions and dealings can turn the land to a desert.

So, we see that our environment offers an abundance of subject matter for discussion. The problems and prospects of the blue planet interest not only scientist and futurologists, but also politicians, industry, the public – and above all, young people! There is hardly a young person who is not conserved with the preservation of our natural habitat. To recognize environmental problems and master them, to reduce and avoid environmental pollution, to discover and develop ecologically sound technologies – there are the essential building blocks for our future.

Whether scientist or politicians, bankers or student, whether Greek, Norwegian, Hungarian or Finn … all are encouraged to make a contribution towards protecting the environment. Dedication and the courage to change one’s way of thinking are called for.

We are to stop pollution. So, we can grow plants and trees, to purify waste, to start urgent campaigns in order to preserve environment For example, in 1989 in Australia, Sydney. In a year the same kind of action was held all over Australia and it was called “Clean up Australia” the following years 110 countries hold the similar actions within the ecological program of the UNO.

Nowadays there are many different pressure and interests groups in British, which try to find solutions to the problems of pollution at the national and international level. So they are groups of people with a common interest in trying to draw the public attention to environment problems, to influence the government decisions.

Greenpeace is a very famous pressure group. It started functioning in 1971. Its headquarters are at Amsterdam, but it operates in 25 countries worldwide. The aim of Greenpeace is to protect wildlife of toxic wastes, nuclear tests.

“Friends of the Earth” (FoE) is one of the British pressure groups with an international reputation. Its general aim is to conserve the planet’s resources and reduce pollution. FoE was established in 1971 and now it operated in 44 countries worldwide. It campaigns among other things, for recycling and renewable energy, and the destruction of wildlife and habitat. The main campaigning issues of the FoE are:

• The protection of all animals and plants in danger of extinction.
• An end to the destruction of wildlife and habitats.
• A program of energy conservation measures, etc.

So, a number of campaigns resulted in:

• The ban or other hunting in England and Wales
• And indefinite delay in the construction of the Commercial East Breeder Reactor, etc.

But not only great groups can influence the problem of pollution. So, different people have their own opinions on this problem:

• The continued pollution of the earth, if unchecked, well eventually destroys the fitness of this planet as a place for human life. (B. Commoner).
• The Earth has enough for every man’s need, but not for man’s greed. (Ganlui).

And I agree with them because it is really so. And terrible examples prove them.

The Baltic Sea is a special case. Because it is such a small sea and it becomes dirty very easily. Its waster changes slowly through the shallow straits. As many as 250 rivers run into the Baltic. There are hundreds of factories in these rivers and millions of people live along them. Quite a lot of big cities lie on its coast. All these combined with the active navigation of the sea naturally affects the state of the sea water and the shore line flora and fauna. People suffer from the waster pollution; cancer deaths increase people’s concern.

And there is no escape from this ecological crisis without organizing a single body dealing with the environmental problems, developing and carrying out a nationwide program of environmental protection and co-operating with international schemes.

Population Fears.

Scientists now predict that by the year 2050 the population will be doubled what is today. The fact remains that the rate of food production fell behind population growth in many of developing countries. The annual fish catch already exceeds what the world ‘s oceans can successfully sustain. If we go on using our natural recourses at today’s rates, we will have used up the intire reserves of cooper, natural gas and oil by the year 2054.

But the problem ahead lie not so much in what we use but in what we waste. What faces us is not so much a recourse crisis as a pollution crisis. The only solution is to try to change the areas of consumption, technology and population. Changes in technology must be baked by slower population growth. And it can be achieved by education in health and women’s rights. And there is a little hope of reducing consumption over the next half century.

Уровень B. Прочее.

Ecology

Some people say that nowadays the problem of ecology is becoming more and more vital. But others consider that it is not important for people with modern technologies. And who is right? I am for the former point o view, and now I will try to explain why.

Firstly, there are a lot of big cities in the world such as New York, Tokyo, Beijing, and Moscow. These cities pollute a lot. There are some kinds of pollution: water pollution, air pollution, and nuclear pollution. We breathe dirty air, drink dirty water, and eat dirty fruits and vegetables. So it harms our health. Secondly, there are a lot of nuclear stations all over the world such as Chernobyl or Fukushima, which became dangerous objects because of radiation.
People who worked at these stations were not careful. So these stations are destroyed now. They are polluting a big territory. Thirdly, our world needs much fuel for various machines, technologies, various branches of science and everyday life. And the extraction of minerals harms nature and changes the landscape around the place of extraction.

But some people think that nowadays we have a lot of brands - new technologies that will help us in future. They say that these technologies will help us with hunger, unemployment, dangerous kinds of diseases such as plague and cancer. With the help of nanotechnologies people will get new materials, which can be useful for the army, medicine, science. With a great technological progress the humanity will conquer space. All in all, people will defeat death.

I absolutely disagree with these people. Of course, it would be a great success for humanity. But these «dreams» need a lot of recourses which are not endless. And it is a long process to invent all these things and spread them all over the world.

In conclusion, I would like to stress that our world is very fragile, and we should take care of it because we are a part of this world. Without beautiful nature, useful plants, and animals humanity will die out. Don’t you agree with me?

Экология

Некоторые люди говорят, что в настоящее время проблема экологии становится все более и более важной. Но другие считают, что это не важно для людей с современными технологиями. И кто же прав? Я за первую точку зрения, и теперь я постараюсь объяснить, почему.

Во-первых, есть много больших городов в мире, таких как Нью-Йорк, Токио, Пекин и Москва. Эти города загрязняют много. Есть некоторые виды загрязнения: загрязнение воды, загрязнение воздуха, и ядерное загрязнение. Мы дышим грязным воздухом, пьем грязную воду, и едим грязные фрукты и овощи. Так это вредит нашему здоровью. Во-вторых, есть много атомных станций во всем мире, такие как Чернобыль или Фукусима, которые стали опасными объектами из-за радиации. Люди, которые работали на этих станциях, были не осторожны. Таким образом, эти станции сейчас уничтожены. Они загрязняют большую территорию. В-третьих, наш мир нуждается в большом количестве топлива для различных машин, технологий, различных отраслей науки и повседневной жизни. Добыча полезных ископаемых вредит природе и изменяет ландшафт вокруг места добычи.

Но некоторые люди думают, что в настоящее время у нас есть много новшеств — новые технологии, которые помогут нам в будущем. Говорят, что эти технологии помогут нам с голодом, безработицей, опасными видами заболеваний, такие как чума и рак. С помощью нанотехнологий люди будут получать новые материалы, которые могут быть полезны для армии, медицины, науки. С большим техническим прогрессом человечество освоит космос. В конце концов, люди победят смерть.

Я абсолютно не согласен с этими людьми. Конечно, это было бы большим успехом для человечества. Но эти для этих «мечтаний» нужно много ресурсов, которые не бесконечны. И это длительный процесс - изобрести все эти вещи и распространить их по всему миру.

В заключение мне хотелось бы подчеркнуть, что наш мир очень хрупок, и мы должны заботиться о нем, потому что мы являемся частью этого мира. Без красивой природы, полезных растений и животных человечество вымрет. Разве вы не согласны со мной?

После ознакомления с содержанием Топика (Сочинения) по теме " " Советуем каждому из вас обратить внимание на дополнительные материалы. Большинство из наших топиков содержат дополнительные вопросы по тексту и наиболее интересные слова текста. Отвечая на не сложные вопросы по тексту вы сможете максимально осмыслить содержание Топика (Сочинения) и если вам необходимо написать собственное Сочинение по теме "Глобальные Проблемы и Опасности " у вас возникнет минимум сложностей.

Если у вас возникают вопросы по прочтению отдельных слов вы можете дважды нажать на непонятное слово и в нижнем левом углу в форме перевода есть отдельная кнопка которая позволит вам услышать непосредственно произношение слова . Или также вы можете пройти к разделу Правила Чтения Английского Языка и найти ответ на возникший вопрос.

Ecological Problems

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man"s interference in nature began to increase.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.
Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.
The pollution of air and the world"s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man"s careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises.
The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 percent of the territory of Byelarus were also polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people"s health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Byelorussian and other nations.
Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.
Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries - members of the UNO - have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl.
An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organisation Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.
But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

Экологические проблемы

С древних времен природа служит человеку, являясь источником его жизни. Тысячи лет люди жили в гармонии с окружающей средой. И им казалось, что природные богатства неисчерпаемы. Но с развитием цивилизации человек все больше стал вмешиваться в природу.
Во всем мире появляются большие города с тысячами дымящих промышленных предприятий. Побочные продукты их деятельности загрязняют воздух, которым мы дышим, воду, которую мы пьем, землю, на которой мы выращиваем пшеницу и овощи.
Каждый год мировая промышленность вырабатывает один миллион тонн пыли и других вредных веществ. Многие города страдают от смога. Огромные леса вырубаются и сжигаются. Их исчезновение нарушает кислородный баланс. В результате некоторые редкие виды животных, птиц, рыб и растений навсегда исчезают. Высыхают многие реки и озера.
Загрязнение воздуха и мирового океана, разрушение озонового слоя являются результатом небрежного обращения с природой, признаком экологического кризиса.
Самая ужасная экологическая катастрофа постигла Украину и ее народ после чернобыльской трагедии в апреле 1986 г. Также около восемнадцати процентов территории Белоруссии было загрязнено радиоактивными веществами. Был нанесен большой урон сельскому хозяйству, лесам и здоровью людей. Последствия этого взрыва на атомной станции трагические для украинцев, белорусов и других наций.
Защита окружающей среды - всеобщая забота. Вот почему необходимо принять серьезные меры для разработки системы экологической безопасности.
В этом направлении уже достигнут определенный прогресс. 159 стран - членов ООН организовали агентства по защите окружающей среды. Этими агентствами были проведены многочисленные конференции, на которых обсуждались проблемы, стоящие перед экологически неблагополучными регионами, включая Аральское море, Южный Урал, Кузбасс, Донбасс, Семипалатинск и Чернобыль.
На озере Байкал был открыт международный центр ш> следований окружающей среды. Международная организация "Гринпис" делает многое для того, чтобы сохранить окружающую среду.
Но это всего лишь первые шаги, и надо двигаться вперед, защищая природу, сохраняя жизнь на планете, не только ради настоящего, но и для будущих поколений.

Questions:

1. How did people live for thousands of years?
2. What cities appear all over the world today?
3. What pollutes the air we breathe?
4. What is the result of the pollution the atmosphere?
5. Why is environmental protection of a universal concern?
6. What are the initial steps in this direction?

Vocabulary:

ancient - древний
harmony - гармония
environment - окружающая среда
riches - богатства
unlimited - неограниченный
to interfere - вмешиваться
to increase - увеличиваться, возрастать
smoky - дымный
enterprises - предприятия
by-product - побочный продукт
activity - деятельность
to pollute - загрязнять
substances - вещества
oxigen - кислород
rare - редкий
destruction - разрушение
ozone - озон
layer - слой
interaction - взаимодействие
horrible - ужасный
disaster - катастрофа
to befall - пасть (на что-то)

Ecological problems - актуальный топик на английском языке.

The Earth is the only planet in the solar system where there is life. If you look down at the Earth from a plane you will see how wonderful our planet is. You will see blue seas and oceans, rivers and lakes, high snow-capped mountains, green forests and fields. For centuries man lived in harmony with nature until industrialization brought human society into conflict with the natural environment. Today, the contradictions between man and nature have acquired a dramatic character. With the development of civilization man’s interference in nature has increased. Every year the world’s industry pollutes the atmosphere with millions of tons of dust and other harmful substances. The seas and rivers are poisoned with industrial waste, chemical and sewage discharge. People who live in big cities are badly affected by harmful discharge from plants and city transport and by the increasing noise level which is as bad for human health as lack of fresh air and clean water.

Among the most urgent problems are the ozone layer, acid rains, global warming, toxic pollution of atmosphere, disappearance of forests, contamination of underground waters by chemical elements, destruction of soil in some areas, threat to some flora and fauna representatives, etc.

One of the most important pollution problems is the oceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water- fishing ships, some ships carrying people, some carrying oil. If a ship loses some of the oil in the water, or waste from the ships in put into the ocean, the water becomes dirty. Many sea birds die because of the polluted water. Many fish are dying in the sea, others are getting contaminated. Fishermen catch contaminated fish which may be sold in markets, and people may get sick from eating them. Lakes and rivers are becoming polluted, too. Some beaches are dangerous for swimming.

Another important problem is air pollution. Cars and factories pollute the air we use. Their fume also destroys the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the dangerous light of the Sun. Aerosols create large “holes” in the ozone layer round the Earth. Burning coal and oil leads to global warming which may bring about a change in the world’s climate.

The other problem is that our forests are dying from acid rains. Deforestation, especially destruction of tropical forests, affects the balance of nature in many ways. It kills animals, changes the climate and ecosystem in the world.

A person can do some damage to the environment but the greater part of pollution certainly comes from industry. Modern industry production is the main threat to nature.

There are a lot of places on our planet that need immediate help. Our country is not exception. The nuclear accident at Chernobyl, which took place on April 26, 1986., has seriously aggravated the ecological situation in Belarus. That catastrophe can be considered as the largest disaster of the 20th century. As the result of that accident 18% of territories of our republic were contaminated by radioactive elements. The agriculture of our country suffered great losses. More than 20% of the population has also suffered. A death rate among children has increased considerably. The wide researches are carried out, but health state of the people living in polluted areas, is worsened. The level of thyroid gland cancer has increased, the immunity of children and women is weakened, many diseases appear out only a few years later. Everyone understands that this catastrophe is a threat to health of our nation, and though years have already passed, the results will be shown on the future generations.

I’d like to say a few words about animals in danger of extinction. The blue whale is the largest animal which has ever lived. Once there were over 200000 of these creatures living in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Since the seventeenth century they have been hunted for their oil and meat. In fact, so many of them were killed that by 1963 their population had been reduced to just 1000. Today it is even less that that. The African elephant is the world’s largest land animal. Today there are fewer than one million of these animals left. Even though they are now protected, they are still being hunted because of their tusks, which are used to make ornaments and jewellery. There is only one way to save wild animals and wild habitats -conservation. That means protecting animals in danger by law, opening more national parks, building fewer new roads, planting more new forests, cutting pollution. It this doesn’t happen, many wild animals will soon have just one habitat- the Zoo.

Ecological problems have no borders. European states solve these problems together: the necessary measures are taken, congresses and conferences on these questions are organized, and these questions have already the reflection in the legislation of many countries.

The activity of many public organizations is directed to protect environment. One of the most known organizations is “Greenpeace”, whose purpose is prevention of environment degradation. This organization was founded in 1971 by the activists from the USA and Canada and it has representations in 25 countries of the world. “Greanpeace” acts against nuclear tests, radiating threat, pollution of the environment by waste industrial products, to protect the animal world, etc. This organization influences public opinion through mass media, under its aegis manifestations and protest actions are carried solutions for concrete ecological problems.

For example, the “Greenpeace” sent its boats to protect whales, and today commercial whaling is banned. In the North Sea Greenpeace swimmers turned back dump ships carrying chemical waste, and a new laws to protect the North Sea have been considered.

When I look around I realize that not all people understand the importance of nature protection. On fine summer days a lot of people go out of town. They have picnics on the shores of lakes and the banks of rivers or on beautiful forest glades and they often leave behind a lot of rubbish- plastic bags and bottles, tins and paper. It makes me feel sad when I see people returning to town with huge bunches of forest or meadow flowers. Many of these plants are included into the Red Book which contains the names of rare plants and animals. Some of them have become extinct and others are on the verge of disappearing. If we don’t realize that we are all responsible for what’s happening around us we will never feel secure about the future of the world we live in.

What can be done to protect nature? I believe that environment disasters can be avoided if people broaden ecological education and every person understands that the beauty of nature is extremely fragile and people must obey the unwritten laws of nature. Governments must be prepared to take action against pollution. Air pollution could be reduced if plants and factories were made to fit effective filters on chimneys and car exhausts. Green zones around big cities must be protected and extended. Natural resources should be used economically because their stocks are not unlimited.

The ecology is a science studying interaction of organisms among themselves and an environment.

Ecological Problems - Экологические проблемы

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man"s interference in nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.

Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

The pollution of air and the world"s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man"s careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises.

The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 percent of the territory of Byelarus were also polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people"s health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Byelorussian and other nations.

Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries - members of the UNO - have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl.

An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organisation Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

Перевод текста: Ecological Problems - Экологические проблемы

С древних времен природа служит человеку, являясь источником его жизни. Тысячи лет люди жили в гармонии с окружающей средой. И им казалось, что природные богатства неисчерпаемы. Но с развитием цивилизации человек все больше стал вмешиваться в природу.

Во всем мире появляются большие города с тысячами дымящих промышленных предприятий. Побочные продукты их деятельности загрязняют воздух, которым мы дышим, воду, которую мы пьем, землю, на которой мы выращиваем пшеницу и овощи.

Каждый год мировая промышленность вырабатывает один миллион тонн пыли и других вредных веществ. Многие города страдают от смога. Огромные леса вырубаются и сжигаются. Их исчезновение нарушает кислородный баланс. В результате некоторые редкие виды животных, птиц, рыб и растений навсегда исчезают. Высыхают многие реки и озера.

Загрязнение воздуха и мирового океана, разрушение озонового слоя являются результатом небрежного обращения с природой, признаком экологического кризиса.

Самая ужасная экологическая катастрофа постигла Украину и ее народ после чернобыльской трагедии в апреле 1986 г. Также около восемнадцати процентов территории Белоруссии было загрязнено радиоактивными веществами. Был нанесен большой урон сельскому хозяйству, лесам и здоровью людей. Последствия этого взрыва на атомной станции трагические для украинцев, белорусов и других наций.

Защита окружающей среды - всеобщая забота. Вот почему необходимо принять серьезные меры для разработки системы экологической безопасности.

В этом направлении уже достигнут определенный прогресс. 159 стран - членов ООН организовали агентства по защите окружающей среды. Этими агентствами были проведены многочисленные конференции, на которых обсуждались проблемы, стоящие перед экологически неблагополучными регионами, включая Аральское море, Южный Урал, Кузбасс, Донбасс, Семипалатинск и Чернобыль.

На озере Байкал был открыт международный центр ш> следований окружающей среды. Международная организация "Гринпис" делает многое для того, чтобы сохранить окружающую среду.

Но это всего лишь первые шаги, и надо двигаться вперед, защищая природу, сохраняя жизнь на планете, не только ради настоящего, но и для будущих поколений.