Пошутил topic simple machines. Методическая разработка занятия по английскому языку на тему "Машины и работа" (3 курс)
Of course, depending on the gun. Some are a lot more simple than others. All are “simply” machines, but not all are “Simple” machines.
A matchlock, from the 1600’s was simple, very simple, and a modern electric gatling gun, not so simple.
Col. Colt literally went broke because his first revolver, the Paterson Colt was not simple enough.
He built a large supply of revolving guns, on credit, then tried to sell them to the U.S. Army, who rejected the gun as being too fragile and too complex for use in the field.
The existing muzzle-loading pistols only had 3 moving parts, all simple to get to and to repair.
The Paterson had no trigger guard. Rather, the trigger was recessed in the frame, and when the hammer was cocked, the trigger was pushed out where it could be squeezed.
Also you had a revolving cylinder, and linkage with the hammer to move the cylinder and to index the next chamber with the barrel.
And there was added linkage from the hammer, to push the trigger out into firing position and retract it afterwards.
It had well over double the number of moving parts of a single-shot, requiring more parts inventory in the field, and repairs only by a skilled armorer, when something quit working, plus possibility of powder fouling or mud jamming the cylinder. A very few initial guns were bought as a trial, then the design was rejected completely.
So, he couldn’t sell his guns to the U.S. Army, and worse than THAT, they acquired a stink that kept them from selling in the civilian market.
Since they weren’t good enough for the Army, why would anyone else want one?
That was until The Republic Of Texas came along.
Until that time, Colt Patent Firearms was nearly done for… they were already entering bankruptcy proceedings. `
Texas put in a large order, pretty much emptying that warehouse full of guns that nobody wanted except Sam Colt’s creditors.
The first thing was that the immediate money from that order saved Colt from bankruptcy by the skin of his teeth.
The next, more important thing was that The Texas Army, Texas Navy, and (especially) The Texas Rangers used them, which created the civilian market that the U.S. Army had destroyed for him.
In The Battle Of The Bay Of Campeche, the Texas Navy defeated the Mexican Navy, and as a nod to The Republic Of Texas, Colt produced the model 1851 Navy with an engraved cylinder standard, depicting this naval battle.
In addition, to creating a market, the Rangers found a few design flaws, so Captain John Coffee Hays and Capt. Samuel Walker (The Walker Colt ) went to Connecticut with plans for design changes.
The result was The Colt Patterson #5 Holster model, marketed by Colt as “The Texas Paterson”.
The original concept was that the Paterson was an infantry weapon. When you fired your five shots, you could lay flat on the ground, partially disassemble it for reloading, then re-assemble and go on fighting.
The most important use of Colt Revolvers was by The Texas Rangers, who often had to fight Indians on horseback.
To reload the gun, you had to remove the barrel wedge, then remove the barrel, then stuff powder and ball into each chamber with a special supplied tool, then follow those steps in reverse.
If the cylinder, barrel, or barrel wedge fell out of your hands, the gun was useless.
Most Rangers got around that by wearing a sash around their waist and sticking loose parts in there while they just switched in a spare loaded cylinder.
That was in addition to carrying two revolvers, so they had a better chance of getting through an encounter without having to actually stuff powder and balls into the chambers to reload.
So the two most major changes the went to Sam Colt with was to increase caliber from .28 to .36 and produce a different shape on the grip.
Then two years later, Captain Hayes campaigned for the addition of a loading lever, and a capping port in the rear, so no disassembly was required to reload on the back of a galloping horse. Colt made the change to the Texas Paterson.
The Comanche sometimes wore breastplates made of 18-inch lengths of reeds packed in dried mud, and this would often stop a light little .28 caliber ball.
Captain John Coffee Hayes (Called “Devil Jack” by local Indians) first introduced The Comanche to Colt Patent Firearms at The Battle Of Enchanted Rock , in 1841.
He was a surveyor by trade, and climbed to the top of the highest feature in the area, (Enchanted Rock) to have a good look at the lay of the land.
Unfortunately, Enchanted Rock was sacred to both the Comanche and Tonkawa tribes, who believed that evil spirits lived there and are rumored to have made human sacrifices at the base of the rock to keep from getting on the bad side of the spirits. The Comanches caught him alone up there.
In a 3-hour solo battle, he killed them until they took refuge in caves at the base of the rock.
How many of them he killed, before they hid from him, depends on whom you ask, but the lowest count is 15.
Enchanted Rock was already believed by them to be home to evil spirits, and they became convinced that those spirits were on the side of Hays, or that he was actually one OF them.
He had two Texas Patersons, a rifle and a Bowie Knife with him.
Standard Indian tactic was to goad a Ranger into shooting OR shooting AT three of them in quick succession, then charging in for a kill before any reloading of his two pistols and a rifle could happen.
That’s how it worked with two single-shot pistols and a single-shot rifle.
Enchanted Rock was their first exposure to someone who could fire 11 shots without reloading.
At one point, he killed a couple of them climbing up after him with his Bowie Knife, another piece of standard equipment for Rangers.
Topic: Simple Machines PSSA: 3.4.7.C / S8.C.3.1
Objective: TLW compare different types of simple machines. TLW compare different types of simple machines. TLW explain the difference between a simple machine and a compound machine. TLW explain the difference between a simple machine and a compound machine.
MI #1: Levers A lever is a simple machine that has a bar that pivots on a fixed point called a fulcrum. A lever is a simple machine that has a bar that pivots on a fixed point called a fulcrum. Levers are classified based on the location of the input force, load, and the fulcrum. Levers are classified based on the location of the input force, load, and the fulcrum.
MI #2: Classes of Levers First class levers have the fulcrum between the input force and the load. First class levers have the fulcrum between the input force and the load. - Includes see-saws Second class levers have the load between the input force and the fulcrum. Second class levers have the load between the input force and the fulcrum. - Includes wheelbarrows Third class levers have the input force between the load and the fulcrum. Third class levers have the input force between the load and the fulcrum. - Includes hammers and fishing poles
Mi #3: Pulleys A pulley is a simple machine that has a grooved wheel that holds a rope or a chain. A pulley is a simple machine that has a grooved wheel that holds a rope or a chain. There are three types of pulleys; fixed, movable, and block and tackle. There are three types of pulleys; fixed, movable, and block and tackle.
MI #4: Wheel and Axle A wheel and axle consists of two circular objects of different sizes that rotate on the same axis. A wheel and axle consists of two circular objects of different sizes that rotate on the same axis. The axle rotates a smaller distance than the wheel, which results in a greater output force. The axle rotates a smaller distance than the wheel, which results in a greater output force.
MI #5: Inclined Planes An inclined plane is a straight slanted surface. An inclined plane is a straight slanted surface. A wedge is a pair of inclined planes that move. A wedge is a pair of inclined planes that move. A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.
MI #6: Compound Machines A compound machine is a machine that is made of two or more simple machines working together. A compound machine is a machine that is made of two or more simple machines working together. Because compound machines have more moving parts, their mechanical efficiency is typically low. Because compound machines have more moving parts, their mechanical efficiency is typically low.
So What…? Real Life Application Machines make work easier, so it is important to understand the different types of simple machines. Machines make work easier, so it is important to understand the different types of simple machines.
Easier
- A simple
machine is a device that helps make work easier; a
device that makes it easier to move something. Some
simple machines are a wheel, a pulley, a lever, a
screw, and an inclined plane.
Harder
- Most
machines consist of a number of elements, such as
gears and ball bearings, that work together in a
complex way. No matter how complex a machine, it is
still based on the compounding of six types of simple
machines. The six types of machines are the lever, the
wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the
wedge, and the screw.
Background
Information for Simple Machines
from
National Museum of Science and Technology
,
Canada
http://www.science-tech.nmstc.ca/english/schoolzone/Info_Simple_Machines.cfm
Here you can find the answers to some commonly
asked questions about simple machines.
The
Elements of Machines: Simple Machines
from
Leonardo"s Workshop
http://www.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/InventorsToolbox.html
Learn about devices that make work easier to do by
providing some tradeoff between the force applied and
the distance over which the force is applied. Also
provides a brief introduction to uses of a gear, cam,
crank and rod, chain and belt, and the ratchet.
Levers
from Beakman & Jax
http://www.beakman.com/lever/lever.html
Play with levers and find out how work from the
fulcrum to the load to the effort.
(Wait for second page to come)
Marvelous
Machines
http://www.galaxy.net:80/~k12/machines/index.shtml
This website provides a series of experiments
about simple machines: levers, wheels and inclined
planes. They were developed for third grade students.
(Comes up slowly
)
| After exploring some or all of the websites below, complete one or more of these activities: Investigate Wheels with Your Bicycle. Go to PBS Teachersource"s website and use your bicycle to learn about the wheel. Find Out How Stuff Works. Check out How Stuff Works . Look for a device that uses a simple machine as part of how it works. Create a poster showing how it works. Gear Up with a Tricycle & Bicycle. Visit PBS Teachersource"s site and follow the procedures there to learn a lot more about gears. Complete a Simple Machines WebQuest. Follow or adapt the procedures found at one of these webQuest sites: 1) Exploring Simple Machines by Paula Markowitz (Grade 4) http://www.lakelandschools.org/EDTECH/Machines/Machines.htm 2) Simple Machines http://www.eng.iastate.edu/twt/Course/packet/labs/wheels&leverLab.htm 3) Simple Machines WebQuest (Grade 4-6) http://www.plainfield.k12.in.us/hschool/webq/webq8/jjquest.htm 4) Simple Machines http://www.beth.k12.pa.us/schools/wwwclass/mcosgrove/simple.htm 5) Simple Machines Webquest http://www.jsd.k12.ak.us/ab/el/simplemachines.html Complete an Online Simple Machines Activity. Learn more about simple machines by following the directions at A Time for Simple Machines . You may also want to test your knowledge at Gadget Anatomy . Complete Some Simple Machine Experiments. Find lots of experiments at sites like Marvelous Machines and Motion, Energy and Simple Machines . |
For starters, allow me to introduce the major hole in English linguistics terminology. And these three example sentences will help me:
- A cat chases a dog
- To think is human
- She ate her breakfast
Now a question: how do you refer to the syntactic role that the highlighted words occupy in the sentences? Or else: how do you refer to the slot between subject and object that ties the two together?
The answer: there is no unambiguous word in English to refer to it.
Usually, linguists resort to one of two options:
A) We could call it a verb . That’s how it’s called in language typology: in SVO structure, for example, the letters stand for “subject-verb-object”.
The problem is, though, that ‘verb’ is already a name for a word class. Word classes (e.g. , ‘noun’, ‘adjective’, ‘adverb’) are word categories by their morphology (common word endings) and syntactic roles that they could take. While syntactic roles (e.g. , ‘subject’, ‘object’, ‘attribute’) are particular slots in a sentence that don’t exist outside of a sentence.
Just because the word class of a verb tends to occupy the syntactic role in question doesn’t mean that the two are the same. And to illustrate it, please go back to the second example sentence. Is ‘to think’ a verb, but suddenly… not a verb?
So, when people say that they’ve just invented a verbless language, you could guess all you want what they mean. Is it like:
- “My language has usual rigid syntax like in English, German or Japanese - but there are no word classes.”
Or do they mean:
- “My language has completely alien syntax. It doesn’t rely on SVO or similar pattern, and has no subjects or objects as well.”
B) We could also call it a predicate . However, not only this term has nothing to do with the syntactic slot in question - it has nothing to do with linguistics at all .
It’s a term from logic.
Any statement, be it a sentence in whatever language or some logical formula, has a predicate structure: meaning that in every statement, there’s something that we make a statement about (a logical subject), and the actual statement about the subject (a predicate).
Linguists have adopted the term to refer to the syntactic slot between S and O - but technically, predicate isn’t that. In a sentence:
- Helen is a sophomore student from Stanford .
the entire highlighted part is a predicate. The sentence is a statement about Helen (hence, she’s a subject). The rest of the sentence is new information about her that we state - a predicate. If you’re familiar with programming, we’ve kinda applied a function: Helen is our variable to modify, and the statement is the actual function that changes the properties of the variable.
Now, for you to understand the point better, let’s break the default logical structure of the sentence with a dialogue:
Joe: “Tell me something interesting about Stanford!”
Moe: “Well, Helen is a sophomore student from Stanford.”
Now suddenly, Stanford is a logical subject. Firstly, Joe sets the subject for discussion, and then, Moe makes a statement about it: that Helen studies there. The university is what we’re interested in, while Helen is now part of the logical predicate.
Obviously, the sentence structure doesn’t agree with it: Helen is the syntactic subject in the sentence, and you don’t change that without shuffling the actual words around. But the dialogue has certain logical composition nonetheless, which doesn’t give a damn about the words or the language. Logic is sort-of above languages, and searching for predicate is not about cracking your head over syntax: you have to analyse the actual meaning of the statement made by a sentence.
This is why I am a strong proponent of introducing a new, separate word for “V” syntactic slot. Personally, I prefer to call it verbicate (good thing that it keeps the ‘V’ letter in SVO). So here’s another exotic option for you:
C) Call it a verbicate - be unambiguous.
Now that the prelude is over - back to your actual question.
If by “a language without predicate ” you mean “a language without verbicate ”, then absolutely yes . I’ve already covered this in , so I won’t be repeating. But in short: verbicate-based syntax is just one type of syntax that by no means is the only possible. It has proven itself to be effective (no kidding - ten thousand years of being virtually the exclusive type of syntax in natural human languages), and yet syntax could be anything. There probably are millions of ways to build a sentence, and what you’re after has been done repeatedly by many conlangers.
If by “predicate” you mean the actual predicate, then it’s kinda yes/no answer:
Yes , a language can be without predicates, because no language has predicates. It’s not a property or part of languages at all, and you can’t use linguistical methods to study or look for predicates. Just because a language is a tool to convey predicated statements doesn’t mean that the tool must inherit the property of the tooled.
No , a language cannot be spoken without predicates. Regardless of how grotesque or alien a language is, communication is still communication: the exchange of statements between interlocutors. When you speak, you convey information about something, meaning that every statement regardless of language can be broken down into a logical subject and what’s being stated about it.
In some languages, the grammar might more-or-less align with logical predicate structure; in other languages, it may not at all. But the statements remain the statements. Even if you ditched languages and used pictures to communicate - you still would be making statements, and thus use predicates.
Damn, even when my cat meows for food, she makes a statement that has a subject and a predicate.
To sum up , your question is roughly the same as “can a language exist without time? ”: before you ask, make sure you’re talking about tense , because time is kinda out of languages’ scope.
Практическое занятие № 73
Тема: «Машины и механизмы»
Цель: Формирование знаний об устройстве машин и различных механизмов.
Совершенствование лексико-грамматических навыков по теме.
Активизация лексики по теме в аргументированных высказываниях.
Оборудование: 1. Учебники; 2. Раздаточный материал; 3. Интернет-ресурсы.
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст «Mechanisms and Simple Machines» (25 минут):
Mechanism : the fundamental physical or chemical processes involved in or responsible for an action, reaction or other natural phenomenon.
Machine : an assemblage of parts that transmit forces, motion and energy in a predetermined manner.
Simple Machine : any of various elementary mechanisms having the elements of which all machines are composed. Included in this category are the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge and the screw.
The word mechanism has many meanings. In kinematics , a mechanism is a means of transmitting, controlling, or constraining relative movement. Movements which are electrically, magnetically, pneumatically operated are excluded from the concept of mechanism. The central theme for mechanisms is rigid bodies connected together by joints.
A machine is a combination of rigid or resistant bodies, formed and connected so that they move with definite relative motions and transmit force from the source of power to the resistance to be overcome. A machine has two functions: transmitting definite relative motion and transmitting force. These functions require strength and rigidity to transmit the forces.
The term mechanism is applied to the combination of geometrical bodies which constitute a machine or part of a machine. Amechanism may therefore be defined as a combination of rigid or resistant bodies, formed and connected so that they move with definite relative motions with respect to one another.
Although a truly rigid body does not exist, many engineering components are rigid because their deformations and distortions are negligible in comparison with their relative movements.
The similarity between machines and mechanisms is that
they are both combinations of rigid bodies
the relative motion among the rigid bodies are definite.
Задание 2. Выполните пересказ текста (15 минут):
Задание 3. Объясните разницу между двумя рисунками (15 минут):
The difference between machine and mechanism is that machines transform energy to do work, while mechanisms so not necessarily perform this function. The term machinery generally means machines and mechanisms. Figure 1 shows a picture of the main part of a diesel engine. The mechanism of its cylinder-link-crank parts is a slider-crank mechanism , as shown in Figure 2 .
| Рис.1. Cross section of a power cylinder in a diesel engine | Рис.2. Skeleton outline |
Задание 4. Объясните разницу между двумя рисунками (15 минут):
| Рис.1. Gear train
| Рис.2. Compound gears
|
Задание 5. Объясните, что изображено на этих схемах, составьте сообщение (20 минут):
|
| Рис.2 The screw jack
|
Рис.1. Inclined plane
Критерии:
Оценка «5» - Поставленные задачи (составление аргументированных монологических высказываний, составление вопросов, чтение, перевод текста, ответы на вопросы) решены полностью, применение лексики адекватно коммуникативной задаче, грамматические ошибки либо отсутствуют, либо не препятствуют решению коммуникативной задачи
Оценка «4» - Коммуникативная задача решена полностью, но понимание текста незначительно затруднено наличием грамматических и/или лексических ошибок.
Оценка «3» - Коммуникативная задача решена, но понимание текста затруднено наличием грубых грамматических ошибок или неадекватным употреблением лексики.
Оценка «2» - Коммуникативная задача не решена ввиду большого количества лексико-грамматических ошибок или недостаточного объема текста.
1) Восковская А.С., Карпова Т.А. Английский язык. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2014.
2)Агабекян И. Английский язык для СПО. – Ростов н/Дону: Феникс, 2012.
Контрольные вопросы :
1. What is this text about? 2.What do you think about it? 3.Can we start such production now? 4. What meanings has the word mechanism have?
Автономная личность и сознание Разделение сознания
В оксфорде доказали существование параллельных миров
Тире в сложном предложении